Ecological and reproductive constraints of body size in the gigantic Argentavis magnificens(Aves, Theratornithidae) from the Miocene of Argentina
Abstract
Abstract. Several estimates of ecological and reproductive parameters are offered for the giant Argentavis magnificens (Teratornithidae), from upper Miocene localities in Argentina. Using the allometric relationship between home range and body mass observed in modern birds of prey, the home range of this extinct raptor is estimated in 542 km2. This implies that an adult individual soaring at an altitude of 120 m would travel around 2,168 km searching for its prey, a task that needs nearly three days flying 12 hours per day at 68 km/h. Such estimate suggests it behaved as vultures rather than eagles. The amount of meat ingested daily by an adult individual is estimated in 5-10 kg. Clutch size is predicted in 0.78 eggs per year for a bird this large, with an estimate for egg mass above 1000 g, suggesting one hatchling every two years. The scaling of incubation, nestling and post-fledging periods in modern raptors provide for A. Magnificens figures of 64, 230 and 190 days, respectively; the estimate of the time needed for acquiring adult plumage is 12.6 years. Annual mortality rate of this species was probably less than 2%. All these figures provide an emerging picture about A. magnificensas a scavenger with a very low population density and a strikingly slow turnover rate, whose individuals had very high metabolic requirements, thus needing to scan a large home range searching for food, and invested too much energy cost and time in reproduction. Resumen. TAMAÑO CORPORAL Y LIMITACIONES ECOLÓGICAS Y REPRODUCTIVAS DE ARGENTAVISMAGNIFICENS (AVES, TERATORNITHIDAE) DEL MIOCENO DE ARGENTINA. Se realizan estimaciones de parámetros ecológicos y reproductivos de Argentavis magnificens (Teratornithidae), del Mioceno superior de Argentina. Usando relaciones alométricas en aves modernas, se estimó el tamaño del territorio en 542 km2. Esto implica que un individuo solitario planeando a una altitud de 120 m debería recorrer 2168 km para encontrar una presa, lo que le demandaría aproximadamente 3 días volando a 68 km/h. Tales valores sugieren un comportamiento más similar al de los buitres que al de las águilas modernas. Se estima en 5 a 10 kg la cantidad de carne ingerida diariamente por un adulto. El tamaño de la puesta se infiere en 0,78 huevos por año, la masa de cada huevo en 1000 g y la frecuencia de puesta cada dos años. Los tiempos de incubación, anidamiento y crianza se estiman en 64, 230 y 190 días, respectivamente, y el período necesario para adquirir el plumaje adulto en 12,6 años. La tasa de mortalidad fue probablemente inferior al 2%. La consideración de estos valores en conjunto sugiere que A. magnificens fue un ave carroñera, con una baja densidad poblacional, una remarcablemente baja tasa de renovación y unos requerimientos metabólicos muy altos, por lo que necesitaba prospectar un territorio bastante amplio en busca de su alimento, invirtiendo un alto costo energético y tiempo en la reproducción.Downloads
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